International Trade Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3982 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? International Trade Law 1. The selection of an alternative dispute resolution mechanism is particularly pertinent in international trade cases because the parties are, by definition, domiciled in different nation states (Chuah, 2009). Since an agreement must therefore be reached on choice of law issues, it is common for parties to consider stepping outside standard litigation processes altogether and instead stipulating for arbitration to take place (Neipert, 2002). Arbitration offers several advantages over litigation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Trade Law Essay" essay for you Create order Typically, it is less expensive than litigation, since fewer legal professionals are required. It is also perceived to lead to a speedier resolution of disputes due to decreased formality, the removal of the need to schedule around the timetable of the formal court system, and, typically, the absence of a right of appeal (Schmitthoff, 2007). Arbitration allows the parties to control a number of variables in the dispute resolution process through prior agreement (Mustill Boyd, 2008). These include the choice of an arbitrator with specialist knowledge of the relevant area, the scope of the arbitration, the location of arbitration and the choice of law. In addition, arbitration is a private rather than public procedure and therefore will not be subject to public record: this is likely to be advantageous if the subject matter is particularly damaging to public image of company. By contrast, many of these same factors may prove disadvantageous to the parties in a different factual scenario. The lack of a right to appeal may become a disadvantage if the arbitrator makes an error of fact, or the arbitrator appointed is not as impartial as the parties would wish. In addition, arbitration is disadvantageous because it lacks formal mechanisms for the enforcement of arbitral awards or attendance at the arbitration, and cannot compel third parties to attend. Litigation offers potential advantages over arbitration. It is, in principle, totally impartial as to the outcome of the case. It determines cases according to a fixed substantive law without reference to the general principles of fairness that an arbitrator might refer to (Moses, 2008). It also provides for an appeal procedure, should that be perceived as an advantage. In addition, there are fewer variables for the parties to control or anticipate in advance of the dispute arising, and litigation is supported by formal enforcement mechanisms, including contempt of court and proprietary remedies. By co ntrast, judges may not be specialists in the given dispute area, which my be deemed more important than their appearance of impartiality to the litigation process. Formal litigation is associated with delays, inflexible timetabling and higher costs, although it should be noted that the costs of any given dispute resolution mechanism are dependent on the facts of the case (particularly its complexity, length and the number of legal professionals employed). It is also important to discuss the possible limitations that domestic laws may place on the nature of the arbitration, and the effect, therefore, that they may have to tip the balance in favour of one method over the other in any given situation. There are significant theoretical difficulties in determining the source and content of the arbitrators power: the form and nature of arbitration may be limited by the way in which law governing the contractual relationship between the relevant parties conceives of arbitration (L ew, 1978). Most legal systems adopt the position either that the arbitration agreement constitutes an autonomous source of authority wholly independent of any national legal system (Goode, 2004: 1178) or, alternatively, that the arbitration agreement brings into play an autonomous arbitral order derived from the institutional character of arbitration and based on principles common to civilized states (Mustill and Boyd, 2008: 66). There is, therefore, a conflict between the autonomous nature of the arbitration and its reliance on the law of the forum in order to confer this autonomy. This conflict may place a practical limitation on the form that the arbitration takes if the lex fori arbitrae does not permit the parties to consent out of particular legal mechanisms (Goode, 2006). Despite the intentions of the parties to contract out of it, litigation may be the only available mechanism. 2. To what extent has harmonization of legal rules in international trade taken place? International trade is a legally complex field due to the disparate bodies of national commercial law that may apply to any given transaction (Sealy Hooley, 2008). There is widespread recognition that international commercial codes are necessary to avoid the difficulties inherent in conducting international commercial transactions using the laws of individual nation states (Goode, 1991) and, as a result, significant efforts have been made to generate substantive legal codes that parties can incorporate by reference to govern their international trade transactions. Several specific codes should be referenced to outline the near-comprehensive scope of the fields in which harmonization has taken place: the Vienna Convention on Sale of Goods and standard form terms such as the Cartegen Incoterms govern international sale of goods, the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration governs alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in the international context, the Uni form Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits governs the payment mechanisms typically used in international trade. Further to these attempts at harmonization, Bonell (2003) has proposed that a global commercial code is developed that has an application to all members of the international trade community. However, an equally significant movement has been underway which intends to secure harmonization of procedure in international trade (Goode, 2006). It is often overlooked that the substantive regulation of international trade takes place in a framework outside that of the national courts, and the harmonization of the procedures of dispute resolution is arguably as important as that of the substantive rules of international trade (Stephan, 1999). In this respect, the efforts of the European Union in harmonizing the conflicts of laws rules under the Brussels I Regulation and the Rome II Convention are particularly notable (Briggs, 2008). What reforms are necessary to improve the legal position of international traders? Stephan (1999) takes this observation to its logical conclusion, and argues that the legal profession should stop trying to unify substantive rules of trade law until a comprehensive framework has been developed for the dispute resolution mechanisms in which those rules will apply. Parry argues that inherent limitations arise when uniform international trade rules are implemented in different national legal systems. He assesses the benefits of further harmonization under three headings: the reduction of legal risks in international commerce, legal reform, and enhanced roles of international legal advisers. His argument is that harmonization operates in favour of one of those interests at any given time, but is likely to work against the other. Personally, I would seek to make the broader argument that further reform in the field of substantive harmonization is likely to suppress discussion of procedural harmonization. To my eyes, the most important reforms for the harmonization of the international trade system at present include a more uniform approach to dispute resolution, and an extension of a conflict of laws system such as the rules in place within the EU Member States, to members of the international trade community more broadly. 3. Produits SA v Products PLC The question of which courts have jurisdiction to hear the dispute will be determined by the Brussels I Regulation. The Regulation applies to all civil and commercial matters (Art 1(1)) and this dispute is likely to fall squarely within that definition as a contractual dispute between two incorporated bodies. Art 5(1) states that in relation to contractual disputes, the court of the Member State in which the characteristic performance of the contract takes place shall have jurisdiction. The characteristic performance is the performance for which payment is made by the counterparty (Briggs, 2008: 171), and will therefore be the place where the goods are due to be delivered by the seller. Since the contract stipulates that the goods are to be provided FOB Southampton, then the place of performance is England. The English courts therefore have jurisdiction to hear the claim. The applicable law will be determined by the provisions of Rome I. In the absence of a choice of law by the parties, Art 4(2) states that in contractual disputes where the contract is entered into in the course of a trade or profession, then the country in which the principal place of business is situated shall be the company or performance is to be made is the country whose law governs the contract. On the facts, it would appear that English law therefore governs: Products PLC is an English registered company, and the place of performance of the characteristic performance was England. For the avoidance of doubt, the contract between Products PLC and Produits SA was a contract for sale rather than carriage of goods, and therefore Art 4(4) does not apply. Products PLC v Nee Soon Wat Pty The question of jurisdiction in this case will depend on whether the claimants can argue that the office held by the defendant company in Rotterdam constitutes residence within a Member State of the European Union for the purposes of the Brussels Regulation. Art 59 states that in order to de termine whether a party is domiciled in the Member States whose courts are seized of a matter, the court shall apply its internal law. Following Fawcett Carruthers (2008), in order for a company to be resident in a particular country it must be demonstrated that the company has a fixed place of business from which it has carried out business for more than a minimal time and that the companys business is transacted from that place. It is a matter of factual interpretation whether the defendant company carries out business in The Netherlands and has done for a significant period of time, but prima facie the existence of an office is likely to suffice. We may therefore apply the Brussels Regulation as above, although the characteristic performance here is effected by shipment CIF to Bangkok. Since this is not within a Member State, Art 5(1)(b) cannot apply, and Art 5(1)(c) directs us back to the general rules in Art 5(1)(a) that the courts of the place of performance will have jurisdiction. The claimants here would be able to make a strong argument on the basis of payment in sterling to a London bank account, combined with delivery CIF from a London port, that the relevant performance in this contract was due to be effected in England. The applicable law will then be determined by Rome I, under Art 4(2) as above. Since the claimants are selling the tyres in the course of their trade or profession, then the choice of law is the country in which they have their principal place of business. Here, there is little doubt that since Products PLC are an English registered company, their principal place of business will be found to be England. English law is therefore likely to apply. 4. Distribution Distribution is a highly simplistic method of overseas marketing. The legal structure of the distribution agreement is an international sale agreement: the international seller purchases the relevant goods from the domestic seller, and then sells the goods to third party buyers overseas for his own account (Goode, 2006). Within the distribution contract, no further legal obligations need necessarily be entered into between the parties except those contained in the contract of sale. The sale will typically be governed by standard commercial terms such as Vienna Convention on Sale of Goods 1980 (August et al, 2008). The distribution method has several advantages. Most important is the simplicity and familiarity of the international sale agreement between the seller and the distributor: the method involves only a straightforward contract of sale for goods, governed by standard international terms. Under a distribution method, the domestic seller is not exposed to liability in the international market because the profit is made at the point of initial sale. In addition, no additional costs associated with selling in the overseas market are incurred to the domestic seller, since the international seller assumes any overheads (Neipert, 2002). There are, however, several disadvantages. Within a distribution agreement, the domestic seller has no further legal relationship with the international seller once the sale has been completed, and must therefore surrender all control over the goods and the manner in which they are sold. This can render it much more difficult to maintain a brand presence in the overseas market, since the domestic seller (who is also likely to be the producer of the goods) cannot control the manner and form in which the goods are sold without entering into further agreement (Goode, 2006). In addition, any revenue from the overseas sale is limited to the amount made in the initial sale to the distributor, who then sells for his ow n account in the overseas market: the domestic seller will not, within a distribution agreement, have recourse to any additional profit made at the point of sale to overseas consumers. Franchising The simplicity of the distribution method can be contrasted with the franchise. Franchising does not rely on a legal structure per se, but rather a specific business model in which the domestic seller grants a licence to the international seller which permits the latter to provide a good or service in the overseas market that is subject to a trade mark by the domestic seller (Benjamin, 2008). The franchisee will then sell the goods for his own account, and payment mechanisms between the overseas seller and the domestic seller will be referred to the units sold or the profit generated. By contrast to the distribution agreement, the franchise method allows the domestic seller to impose significant restrictions on the way in which the product is sold: these restrictions are inten ded to bolster sales by providing coherent to the franchise system, as well as implementing successful business practices (Goode, 2006). From the perspective of the domestic seller (the franchisor), it has the advantages that it is a highly specialist marketing form that simultaneously allows the domestic seller to exercise a high degree of control over the franchisee without exposing himself to liability in the international market, since the domestic seller is not financially liable to the franchisee or creditors of the franchisee. From the perspective of the overseas seller (the franchisor), the franchise method would present a significant disadvantage to a seller wishing to develop an independent sales method or brand presence in the overseas market, but would offer significant advantages in terms of business management support and branding. The method that is preferred will depend on the likely balance that the parties seek between three factors: commercial convenience, ease of entering into specific legal relationship, and desire to enter into contractual relationship with overseas party (Schmittoff, 2007). One must also consider the international tax implications of the transaction (Goode, 2006) which although well outside scope of this analysis, may be determinative. 5. Structure For the legal implications of the letter of credit to be explained, one must first have an understanding of its structure. A letter of credit consists of a number of contractual relationships between the parties that seek to provide an autonomous system of payment for a documentary sale (Wood, 2007). The credit is comprised of five contracts between the four relevant parties: the underlying contract between the buyer and the seller; the contract between the buyer and the issuing bank which instructs the latter to open the letter of credit, on terms that specify that payment is not to be made until the relevant documents are received; the issuing bank will enter into a contract with the advising bank notifying them of the existence of the credit and authorizing them to make payment to the seller when the relevant documents have been received; the issuing bank will also enter into a contract with the seller stipulating that payment will be made against documents; finally, the a dvising bank enters into a contract with the seller stating that payment will be made against documents when provided to the advising bank (Goode, 2006). Each of these contracts will typically be governed by the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP), provided that it is expressly incorporated by reference into the contracts comprising the credit as required under both English law and Art 1 UCP itself. Autonomy The important result of the multiple contracts involved in the letter of credit is that it becomes a payment mechanism where payment is made autonomously from the underlying contract of sale (Sealy Hooley, 2008). As a leading commentator has stated, one of the primary functions of the letter of credit is to create an abstract payment obligation independent of an detached from the underlying contract of sale between the seller and the buyer and from the separate contract between the buyer and the issuing bank (Goode, 2006: 971). The legal impli cation of the autonomy of each contract within the letter of credit is that the seller will receive payment against the documents regardless of the his performance of the contract of sale with respect to the goods. An exception to the autonomy principle is made in cases of proven fraud, and in that respect the letter of credit is analogous to a bill of exchange in terms of its security of payment (Benjamin, 2008). Enforceability The principle of autonomy of the contracts comprising the letter of credit is supplemented by the principle of enforceability: payment must be made against documents that have been correctly tendered to the advising bank under the terms of the contract between those two parties (Wood, 2007). There must be strict compliance with the terms of the letter of credit and small discrepancies between the documents and the terms of the letter of credit will prevent payment being made (J H Rayner v Hambros Bank, 1943). The paramount advantage of the let ter of credit is that it provides certainty and security in payments made in international trade transactions, where other mechanisms may fail to ensure that the seller is paid in a timely fashion once title to the goods has been received (typically in the form of a bill of lading or similar document of title) (Sealy Hooley, 2008). The letter of credit has the potential to give rise to legal oddities into two situations, either where payment will be made against documents even in situation where parties know that goods have not been tendered under the contract, or in case where goods have been tendered but payment cannot be made against the documents because of an otherwise insignificant difference between the wording of the documents and the terms of the letter of credit. 6. This problem will seek to briefly advise Westminster PLC (Westminster) in relation to each potential claim that they have against the Ron under the contract of sale. The most significant claim that Westminster has is in respect of the boxes of rum that have fallen from the crane into hold and onto quayside during loading. Under the terms of the Cartogen Incoterms 2000, the seller in an FOB contract is under a duty to load the goods onto the ship. Despite the significant criticism of the rule in Pyrene v Scindia (1954), the goods are deemed to have been loaded at the point at which they cross the ships rail (Benjamin, 2008) and as a result, the party that bears the risk of the damage to the broken bottles of rum will depend on which side of the ships rail the goods were above in the moment before they fell from the crane. It is likely that Westminster will bear the risk of all the boxes that fell into the hold, as their location would imply that the goods had passed the ships rail before they fell. Westminster would, however, have a claim against Ron in respect of the boxes that fell into the quayside, since it is unlikely that they had pa ssed the ships rail before falling. The claim would be governed by Arts 46-50 Vienna Convention on Sales. A second claim can be made in respect of the failure of the master of the vessel to take more than half the shipment. Under the terms of the Cartegen Incoterms 2000, the seller in an FOB contract is under a duty to load the goods, and is therefore liable for breach of that obligation in nominating a ship that refuses to load the full cargo. Westminsters remedies for breach are governed by the Vienna Convention on Sales1980, in particular Art 51(1) which states that the buyer may make use of the remedies listed in Arts 46 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 50 in the event that the seller delivers on a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract. Both of these criteria apply on these facts. A third claim can be made in respect of the inadequate screw tops provided by Ron and the subsequent damage suffered to the bottles. Westminster wil l have a claim against Ron under the contract of sale for the provision of faulty goods. Art 35(1) Vienna Convention on Sales places Ron under an obligation to deliver goods which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract and further states in Art 35(2)(d) that goods will not be deemed in conformity with the contract unless they are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. There is no indication that Westminster was aware of the inadequate packaging and Ron could not therefore raise a defence to the claim under Art 35(3), which states that the seller will not incur liability where the buyer was aware of the defect. A fourth claim can be made in respect of the bottles that have broken due to inadequate packing for the voyage. Under the Cartogen Incoterms 2000, it is the duty of the seller in an FOB contract to provide export packing. Westminster t herefore has a valid claim against Ron for the value of the damage that was suffered due to inadequate packaging. As a final point, it is clear that Westminster does not have a claim against Ron in respect of the delay in loading. The delay is contractually insignificant because the goods were shipped on 18th September, which is still within contract terms (September shipment). In respect of the claim that has been made against Westminster for storage fees payable to the Colombian authorities, my advice would be to resist payment and direct the Colombian authorities to Ron. Under the terms of the Cartogen Incoterms 2000, the seller in an FOB contract is under a duty to pay any storage fees incurred. Bibliography Vienna Convention on Sales Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, Cartegen Incoterms Brussels I Regulation Rome I Convention August, R. A., Mayer, D., Bixby, M., 2008. International Business Law: Text, Cases and Readings. 5th ed. London: Pearson Education Chuah, J., 2009. Law of International Trade. 4th ed. London: Sweet Maxwell Briggs, A., 2008. The Conflict of Laws. Oxford: Oxford University Press Goode, R., 2006. Commercial Law. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Guest, C. J., Miller, C. J., Harris, D., Treitel, G. H., Lomnicka, E., Sealy, L. S., Reynolds, M. B., 2008. Benjamins Sale of Goods. 11th ed. London: Sweet Maxwell Lew, J. D. M., 1978. Applicable Law in International Commercial Arbitration. Leiden: Sijthoff Noordhoff Mustill, M. Boyd, S. C., 2008. Commercial Arbitration. 3rd ed. London: Butterworths Stephan, P. B., 1999. The Futility of Unification and Harmonizatio n in International Commercial Law. University of Virginia Law School Legal Studies Working Papers Series accessible at https://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=169209 Goode, R., 1991. Reflections on the Harmonisation of Commercial Law. Uniform Law Review, 54 Neipert, D. M., 2001. Law of Global Commerce: A Tour. London: Prentice Hall Moses, M. L., 2008. The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Murray, D., Holloway, C., Timpson-Hunt, D., 2007. Schmitthoffs Export Trade: The Law and Practice of International Trade. 11th ed. London: Sweet Maxwell Sealy, L. S., Hooley, R. J., 2008. Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials. 11th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Wood, P., 2007. Law and Practice of International Finance. London: Sweet Maxweel

A Clean And Bright Room With Two Chairs Essay - 775 Words

(Scene- A clean and bright room with two chairs. The Millay character sits on the left while Khaled waits behind the scenes to enter. Shirley is on the phone, whispering if she doesn’t want anyone to know that she is on the phone. She appears upset. She looks up and realizes she is on the air, and quickly puts her phone away) Shirley. You will be sorry! (With an overly enthusiastic voice, stuttering at first) Good morning, everyone! Welcome to Good Morning America. Beautiful weather today in New York, 75 degrees Fahrenheit with 30% chance of rain - not too bright, not too stormy. Today I’m very lucky to be joined with one of the greatest writers of all time. This man wrote best selling novel The Kite Runner and has just received the Barnes and Nobles Discover Great New Writers award. Ladies and gentlemen...please welcome, Khaled Hosseini!! (Audience cheers. KHALED enters.) Shirley. It’s a pleasure to meet you! Thank you for being here. Khaled Hosseini. Well, thank you for having me. Shirley. Oh that’s no problem at all. First of all, congratulations on all the success of your new book: The Kite Runner! Khaled. Thank you! Shirley. Let’s talk about the book. We asked some of viewers, because everyone has a voice, to send in their opinions and questions about the book, so if you don’t mind, you could address some of them? Khaled. Sure! Shirley. Let’s jump right into it. @frenemie03 asks: What is the relationship between Soraya and her father? Khaled. Soraya had anShow MoreRelatedHow to Redesign a Classroom to Optimize Learning Experience1705 Words   |  7 PagesImproving your Learning Experience from this class: i.e., MGT 9700-TR6A(Fall 2010). Assume the Class Room (seating, facility, etc.) to be â€Å"The Product† and your Learning Experience (facilitated by me, the Instructor) as â€Å"The Service†. (a) How would you redesign the Class Room (Rm3-125) to materially improve the Service? 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Philippine vacation experiences Free Essays

It’s been quite a long time since I’ve been here, but still, the feeling never changed. It’s still where my heart finds its second home -? the Philippines. We celebrated Christmas very religiously by attending predawn masses called Sambaing Gab; eat traditional food like rice cakes and having a good time with our family. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine vacation experiences or any similar topic only for you Order Now The night mass starts at December 16 and lasts until the day of the Christmas. The church bells and first cockcrow awaken the people of the town to go to church and to pray for a joyful celebration of the Chrism’s birth. This is indeed quite different comparing to celebrating in Italy, which is mostly about Santa Clause and giving gifts. As it continues to blow on the cold breeze of December, me and my cousins enjoyed caroling in the neighborhood. It is hoping from one house to another every night and singing Christmas songs. This serves as our bonding together and also, there is this joy that resides in Our hearts as we sing different Christmas carols. Through this, it sets our mood for some Christmas spirit. Roaming around our place, I noticed that each household were adorned with these star-shaped multistoried lanterns which they call â€Å"parole†. They say that s early as November, these were already hanged as a preparation for Christmas. After all the preparations, Niche Buena is still the much-anticipated part after the midnight mass. It is a traditional Christmas Eve feast after returning home from the mass. It was a very special occasion for me because after a couple of years, we will celebrate the Christmas Eve as a whole family. We rarely have this moment, so I will consider this as one of my best Christmas. Truly, everybody gets busy during December but me and my family never let any moment get wasted. We savor every chance that we get together through outings and exploring the beautiful spots in the place. More than that, I must say that the real essence of this season is the giving and sharing among people. It is by these moments that we are reminded that the love for each other is still the main center of the celebration. At the end of the day, these seasons are still about family closeness and my vacation in the Philippines is one great reminder that a strong bond among families is what makes each season worth-celebrating. Indeed, it was a cold yet warm vacation because of the love between and among us. How to cite Philippine vacation experiences, Papers

Managing human resources for environmental - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Managing human resources for environmental. Answer: Difficulties Faced During Training Session: There are five barriers that are being faced by the organization within the training session. These barriers are inertia, efficiency, convenience, manager engagement and training mind-set (Dessler, 2013). Among all of these five barriers, the following section of the report discusses three: Inertia: Inertia is considered to be responsible for the structural transformation as well as of the organization. This is found to be helpful in the retrain of the professional skills and also for rearranging the stakeholders. When the objective of the different departments is to enhance the values in terms of adding the same to the organization, change is considered to be one of the important factors. In general, there is found two most common problems creating barriers to the inertia. One is the tendency to focus on the method of the products and another is risk aversion. Thus, both of the problems need to be overcome and addressed accordingly. Efficiency: It is not possible to achieve hundred percent efficiency. Hence, some of the actions and strategies have been acquired with the aim to enhance the efficiency considerably. Focusing on the trainee performance rather than focusing on the outputs instead of inputs or learning can enhance the efficiency level (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy, 2012). There are many other ways to increase the efficiency in the training session. Some of these ways are clear expectation, easy comprehension of required information, timely and sufficient feedback, adequate resources, tools and procedures, easy perception, support, improved communication, effective delegation, appropriate incentives and process of collaboration. Training Mind-set: Since the mind-set of the trainees plays crucial role in the training program, the training mind-set is the most vital factor that acts as one of the barriers to the effective training. Focusing on the inputs provides limited values rather than output, such as performance. Therefore, training and the performance of thinking is the simplest technique that can be employed for understanding the trainee mind-set. Overcome the Training Barriers: There are five types of training barriers along with the five simplest ways to resolve the same. These ways are maintaining friendly and good relationship between the trainees and the trainer, maintaining the credibility which is character and true persuasive within the organizational workplace. The easy communication between the trainer and the trainees is capable of avoiding the communication mismatches (Jackson, Ones and Dilchert, 2012). For example, natural enthusiasm and humour are two effective ideas to sell for a marketing group. The system of interest and beliefs as well as the needs must be understood by the trainer, so that the training ca be provided to the appropriate person accordingly. Need Analysis of the Training Training is important for organizational development, specifically for the marketing sector, because it beneficial for both the employers and the employees of the organization. Proper training is capable of making the employees more efficient, productive and self-motivated (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2012). However, the need of training must be analysed properly prior to the providence of training to the marketing executives. There are several kinds of need analysis in terms of diverse context of employment accordingly. The need analysis processes are as follows: Organizational Analysis: In order to accomplish the organizational goals and objectives, training of the marketing executives is required. In accordance with this organizational analysis, since thAustraliabesttutor.com reviews e entry level marketing executives devoid of the knowledge of the organizational rules and regulation and the target, the training for them is needed at the highest priority. With this analysis, the entry level executives would be able to get answers about the organizations history in regard d to the employee training and management interventions. Person Analysis: This particular analysis deals with the process instructors and the potential participants. With this analysis, the existing knowledge level of trainees can be determined in terms of their training needs. In this training, the trainee learning styles along with that of the training providers can be analysed for the betterment of the firm. Content Analysis: Since the trainer as a subject matter expert can determining appropriate content, this particular analysis is essential for the entry level marketing executives. All the required and necessary documents, procedures, laws need to be analysed which will be used in the job. Hence, the content analysis is important to avoid the contradiction or conflict of the training content with the job requirements. Cost-Benefit Analysis: There takes place a particular expenditure in the training of entry level marketing executives. Therefore, the main objective of the organizations management is to analyse the trainings return on investment. This means, effective training will result into high value return to the firm which needs to be greater than the initial investment in the administration of the training. In order to do the need analysis, one must approach the training department Human Resource Department or the concerned authority of the specific company. Methods and Techniques of Training: In the marketing sector, two main types of training processes required, which are: On the Job Training: Within this process, during the daily working hours the training are given to the employees. Therefore, the process is simple as it based on the existing employees of the firm and also the method is cost effective. The semi-proficient as well as the proficient employees can be provided training through this method (Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, 2006). Hence, it can be said that the employees are trained in the practical and real working environment. Thus, the focus of the training is based on the learning by doing concept. Some of the example of the on job training are job rotation, coaching, temporary promotion and many others. Off the Job Training: In this method the people are trained away from the real working environment in any training institute or college. In general, this methodology of training is to train the new staffs of the organization. this type of training is provided through the workshops, conference, seminars and many others. This trading method is much expensive than the previous one. Along with this, this training is only applicable and profitable when the number of trainee is huge and the time is short (Mondy and Mondy, 2012). Another name of the off job training is Vestibule Training which refers to the providence of training in a separate wide area such as reception area, entrance hall and many others, where are generally prevails the duplicate conditions of working. In the case of off the job training, a placement test may be conducted on the first day in order to test the basic queries and knowledge regarding the job. In order to understand the view point of the trainees about the job role, regarding the employee expectation from the job and specific organization. A questionnaire survey can also be conducted. However, several other techniques can also be applied in the on the job training such as the speaking power to convince the customers, concentration power to actively listening to the customers can be evaluated. These are important because the marketing job requires to listen to the issues and complains and queries of the customers and convince them through the speaking. Reference: Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Gomez-Mejia, L., Balkin, D. and Cardy, R. (2012).Managing human resources. Boston: Pearson. Jackson, S., Ones, D. and Dilchert, S. (2012).Managing human resources for environmental sustainability. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. Jackson, S., Schuler, R. and Werner, S. (2012).Managing human resources. Mason, OH: South Western/Cengage Learning. Kirkpatrick, D. and Kirkpatrick, J. (2006).Evaluating training programs. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Varley, C. and Martin, A. (2007).Training. Philadelphia: Saunders. Werner, J. and DeSimone, R. (2012).Human resource development. Mason, OH: South-Western.

Importance of Outsourcing in Businesses

Various departments of a firm such as the human resource, marketing, IT, finance and even the inventory stores often require outsourcing. Outsourcing is a procedure that involves quest of external expertise on various business functions. The main aim of outsourcing is the need to enhance business operations for maximal profit gain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Outsourcing in Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The functions of the outsourced company have to be diligent and efficient for consistency. Good outsourcing involves partial hiring of specialized companies that are able to boldly base decisions against all odds with the aim of curtailing on unnecessary costs. The specialist work as casual or part-time enterprises and ensure delivery of business functions in a timely manner besides ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty. There is need to engage proper and strategic business pla ns as a way of maintaining focus on the core business goals. In most instances, businesses outsource those tasks that are technical and are not fundamental to overall management but important and supportive units of the business such as IT departments. Most firms managers prefer to stick to the key business responsibilities and outsource all the other tasks. It is equally common to subcontract a failing sector or department, with the aim of gaining improvement. Some of the main reasons for outsourcing include the need to reduce running cost of subsidiary departments and focus attention to the key areas of the firm. There are many cons associated with outsourcing including, staffing proceeds. It is logical for a company to cater for four employees at a technical department such as IT, and outsource specialization, other than engage many personnel and soon engage extra social or economic responsibilities of laying-off due to non-performances. One huge challenge regards the risk involv ing reduction of managerial control over the outsourced sector. There is also need to analyse performance in relation to the outsourcing expenses. Analysing the proposals presented by outsourcing firms, managers are able to find the best yet economical offers. Managers have a wider view of company’s pricing advantage due to availability. Majority of the challenges associated with outsourcing are not enough reason to avoid the practice. Clients or customers want to gain access to specialized skills for better and timely product or service delivery. Other good reasons include but are not limited to better business transactions or processes, flexibility on staff allocation, better workflow, business continuity and ability to focus on key sectors of the business. As professional business analyst, managers must focus on the key reasons for considering outsourcing over the in-house management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! G et your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One good reason for outsourcing is the performance threats by potential competitors. The main aim of outsourcing ought to be reducing cost without sacrificing growth or competitive advantages. Replacement of the company’s technical operations with specialized outsourced services is a huge risk over control, but highly reduces on business expenditures. A firm might be able to come back to its strong basis and fight competitors to performance status quo. The managerial concepts are highly compromised, but comparing the outcome to the status of the firm proves that outsourcing is a better option. The cost of having in-house employees is still higher in comparison to subcontracting, if the former compromises business functionality or performance. Dealing with unprofessional is expensive and inferior. Outsourced companies are third party providers who have excellent knowledge, skill and experience of how to undertake the proceed ings and keep businesses on a competitive edge. Arguably, the employees are equally competent enough but lack the extra expertise to maintain the firm’s endeavours. Outsourcing would be an automatic guarantee for quality and profitability of a firm especially when the tendered team is competent enough and has good standing in the field. Non-performing businesses are at stake over efficiency, accuracy and quality provisions but outsourced panels or experts can provide the required service to revive them and thus save on reputations. Outsourced team gives the business a chance to access specialized skills and wider range of products because of its proficiency nature and higher investments. Employees also have the chance of acquiring the skills and advancing to challenge competitors in future. The specialized skills enable the businesses to capture and capitalize on the intended market niche. The business also has the chance for accessing skills to supplement to other fields of operations beside the intended department. Evidently, considering outsourcing would be more benefiting to a firm since it creates a contractual obligation or liability that is higher, and thus more advantageous to the business compared to the in-house permanent contractions. There is a safer bet when there is a signed contract between the firm and outsourced team. Arguably, an outsourced team affects staffing issues and reduces control but considering proper management of technical departments in the business that the in-house employees or firm’s input requirements might not be in a position to handle, a firm has the capability to absorb pressure associated with future anticipations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Outsourcing in Businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The function of technical departments also becomes critical in the hands of the providers because of the specialization in strategies of absorbing risks of collapse or mitigation. Today it is equally easy to tie urgent business requirements to specialized groups due to security and rates of returns. The overall management lose the opportunity of controlling all departments, but enjoy the opportunity lost thereafter. Business functions often overwhelm firms, thus the need for the extra hands. Outsourced management enables the business to meet demands and pressure associated with profits and competition. This essay on Importance of Outsourcing in Businesses was written and submitted by user Jenny Branch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Suffering essays

Human Suffering essays Human suffering happens every day, everywhere, in many types and ways all around us. We do not always see it, but that does not mean it does not exist. When we do see it exist we commonly ask ourselves, "Does human suffering have meaning?" I can answer this question easily. Yes, it does have meaning. I can answer this because of the four readings we read. However, as I examine this question deeper I see that the four readings have different ideas on "meaning" or the reason for suffering. Looking at the definition of the verb (to) suffer, "feel or undergo pain; sustain damage or loss," we see that suffering is something that can happen because of more than one action. Each of the readings explained a different way of suffering. In their basics, some described mental suffering and others described physical suffering. But, more deeply than that each reading contains a certain kind of suffering. The Epic of Gilgamesh describes that suffering is caused by death. The Book of Job des! cribes how suffering is caused by sickness, loss of possessions, or loved ones. Buddhist explains suffering caused by our mental anguish. Night describes suffering caused by others. These readings give us meaning to suffering so that in the future we can avoid suffering, and if we can not avoid it we can at least explain it. The Epic of Gilgamesh tells us that suffering happens because of love. Gilgamesh suffered only because he loved Enkidu. After Enkidu was killed by the serpent Gilgamesh suffered tremendously. This was an example mental suffering. Gilgamesh did not bring on Enkidu's death. It was his desire for Enkidu to die. It just happened fighting the serpent. He deeply mourned his brother's death. This drove him to find that special root to make him immortal. Although this was just a story, in its day it was thought to be a book of teachings. Suffering was a direct result of death and love, but it was suffering that drove Gilgamesh ...

The Influence of Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation on the Turnover Dissertation

The Influence of Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation on the Turnover Intent at Bourne Leisure Ltd - Dissertation Example While most of the intrinsic motivational factors (work content, working conditions, and managerial support) along with employee benefits brought about positive responses, mixed findings were acquired in relation to the amount of pay along with recognition. It has been recommended that the organization focuses on both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards for employee retention. Background of the Study Turnover of employees has become a persistent occurrence that has led to adverse consequences for organizations worldwide (Collins and Smith, 2006). The loss of competent and qualified workers has been associated with the decrease of quality, innovation, productivity and performance with regards to a company’s delivery of service. Consequently, client dissatisfaction can be expected as well (Lin and Chang, 2005). Furthermore, according to Abbasi, Hollman, and Hayes (2008), employee turnover requires a considerable amount of costs attributed to selection and recruitment along with the training of new employees. Therefore, employee turnover has been considered as one of the most critical managerial problems in the current workplace (Pfeffer and Sutton, 2006). Given such unfavorable outcomes, it has become common for studies to focus on identifying the factors that contribute to employee turnover (Holtom, Mitchell, Lee, and Eberly, 2008). These findings from research are highly r elevant for organizations and their managers for directing their efforts towards reducing the rate of voluntary turnover among their workers. A wide range of studies in various fields, including psychology and economics, have led to significant findings for understanding employee turnover that include demographic factors, the relationship between the employee and employer, satisfaction with one’s job or work-related stressors (Griffeth, Hom, and Gaertner, 2000; Kuvaas, 2008; Podsakoff, LePine, and LePine, 2007). However, despite the considerable number of studies that aimed to explore voluntary turnover among employees, the direction of their outcomes widely differ based on the population or a given situation, hence implying that employee turnover is influenced by a wide range of predictors. One

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft Essay

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft - Essay Example The number of adult Americans with Internet access was expected to increase from about 88 million in mid-2000 to more than 104 million at the end of 2004. (Claburn, 2004)The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce approximated that in the fourth quarter of 2000, online retail sales amounted to $8.686 billion, a boost of 67.1 per hundred from the 4th quarter of 1999. (Haeberle, 2004) Total e-commerce sales for 2000 were an approximated $25.8 billion, accounting for 0.8 percent of all sales. Bankers, for instance, who conduct online banking transactions are particularly vulnerable to fraud and identity theft (Sullins, 2006). Unfortunately, but not unexpectedly, the rise in e-commerce has become fertile ground for fraud, resulting in a loss of billions of dollars yearly worldwide (Bolton & Hand, 2002). Apparently, the fraudsters are quick to realize the potential of a new technology or system to propagate deception and identity theft, and early on exploit it to their benefit. Long-distance telemarketing became the channel of such criminal activity when it was first introduced in the 1970s. So too the pay-per-call service when it became accessible in the late 1980s. Internet technology is the newest attraction for opportunistic fraudsters who take advantage of it for personal gain. The problems facing law enforcers is the rapidly evolving techniques used by the fraudsters (Acoca, 2008). The rapid increase in the number of complaints associated with online deception and fraud bears this out: in 1997, the Commission obtained less than 1,000 Internet deception complaints; the following year, the number had expanded eight-fold. Although most Internet deceptions arise from customary scams, the variety of techniques ingeniously devised to exploit the new technology is quickly proliferating.  

Company profit calculation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company profit calculation - Assignment Example Q = (accepted), (rejected) At Q = , ATC’’ becomes 9.61 while at Q = , ATC’’ becomes 0.381. Since Q > 0 and since ATC’’ > 0 at Q = , so it can be surmised that Q = when ATC is minimised. Part (g) Firms will neither exit nor enter in the longer run in an industry because already operating firms are creating normal profit. Since there are no incentives to either leave or enter the market in the longer run, so there will be no entry or exit in the longer run. Part (h) Question Two As market demand levels vary, the firm’s profits in any industry will tend to vary. As long as some form of economic profit is available, new firms will enter the market. Similarly, any kinds of economic loss will force firms to leave the market. When economic profit is available, the supply curve tends to shift to the right in order to reduce price. As price falls, so does economic profit and thus the incentive to enter the market. Conversely, if economic loss o ccurs, the supply curve shifts to the left in order to increase price. Bigger price tags tend to reduce the economic loss being faced. Market adjustments continue to occur until firms come to a point where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost which in turn equals the price. Also, the short run average cost and the long term average cost meet the equilibrium levels to produce total market equilibrium in the longer run. Question Three A shock in demand leads to a sudden rise in demand. This in turn disrupts the market equilibrium and the supply curve tends to shift to the right while the demand curve tends to shift to the right as well. In addition, it is typical to find that the price for any product experiencing demand shock tends to increase as well. Larger quantities required are dealt with by firms operating under perfect competition. For constant cost industries, when the industry expands in reaction to demand shocks, there are no changes in the production costs or in t he prices of resources. The basic contention of the constant cost industry is that as new firms enter the market, the long run average cost curve does not get affected. Hence, as the efficiency of production does not change due to demand shocks, the supply curve in the longer run becomes horizontal. Question Four Certain industries require long term economic profits in order to survive in the market. These industries may require continuous new inputs in the form of research and development (R&D). The pharmaceutical industry for example requires that research be carried out into new medicine. This may become necessary for example as one generation of antibiotics are unable to deal with the next generation of germs. The R&D process in turn requires the investment of economic profit which in turn can be labelled as a cost. The reinvested economic profit from the operation of such industries can be seen as a cost although it is not necessary that the amount of such an investment would e quate to the economic profit generated. For example, the pharmaceutical industry invests in the development of a medicine that it will continue to produce constantly for decades which indicates that the economic prof

Classic Hero Story In Movie Shane Film Studies Essay

Classic Hero Story In Movie Shane Film Studies Essay The movie Shane is about a former gunslinger, named Shane. Shane comes into the homestead of a simple family, the Starretts, who are being bullied by Ryker, a cattle rancher, to move off of what he sees as his land. Shane stays with the Starretts as a farmhand. He encounters resistance from some of Rykers men when he goes into town to buy new clothes and soda for Joey, the Starretts young son. Shane is accepted as a quiet presence in the settler community and is adored by Joey and Marion, the Starrett matriarch. Joe, the patriarch, becomes an ally to Shane, and helps him fight off Rykers men on a trip to the general store. When a settler is killed by a dangerous gunslinger, Jack Wilson, Shane goes and saves the settlers from the gunslinger. After the battle, in which he is hurt, Shane moves on from the town, against the wishes of the Starrett family. Shane contains a classic heros story and archetypes typically found in heros journeys. Shane is the reluctant-loner hero. It is never revealed in Shane where Shane comes from, only that he was a former gunslinger, looking to put his past behind him. He rides into the Starrett farm alone. He doesnt come to the Starrett family expecting to encounter any trouble. Shane was looking to settle down peacefully with them. The symbolism in the movie that indicates this is Shanes trading his frontier clothing for jeans and a button up shirt at the general store, and his help in removing the stump from the Starretts homestead. When Shane learns of the conflict between Ryker and the settlers, he at first tries to shy away from getting involved. When Shane buys Joey some soda pop, Shane is confronted by Rykers men for not ordering a manly drink. He is mocked, and even has whiskey thrown on his new shirt in an attempt to provoke him, yet Shane, even though he is embarrassed, leaves without a confrontation. Shane doesnt want to fight. When all the homesteaders return to the store in a united stand against Ryker, Shane is once again confronted by Rykers men. Shane this time starts a fight, after being provoked about Marion, in which Joe also joins in, and ends up defeating the men. During the end of the film, in which Shane has to face up against Jack Wilson to create peace for the homesteaders, Shane goes alone. Before going to the fight he again trades in his clothes, from the work clothes to his former frontier outfit that he came to the Starretts in. After the gunfight, in which he is injured, Shane rides off alone; his fate is left up to the imagination. Since he is injured, and there is no help anywhere close in the frontier, it is possible that he rode off to die alone. He is a solitary figure and a solitary fighter. When he reverts back to his old gun fighting ways, he doesnt want to involve anyone else, not even Joe. Joe, Marion, Joey, Chris Calloway, and Jack Wilson play roles as classic archetypes present in the Heros journey. Joe Starrett plays the mentor. The mentor is there to help the hero. They guide the hero and help to encourage the hero to the right path. (Campbell) Joe is there to teach Shane the ways of the homesteader, their first act together is to remove the giant tree stump from his yard. He also acts as the boss to Shane. Joe is what Shane wants to be, he is a successful settler with his own land and family. Shane learns from Joe how to be a successful man in the community, by attending meetings with the settlers, and how to take care of a piece of the land, by becoming his farmhand. Marion plays the shape shifter and the threshold guardian in Shane. The shape shifter misleads and creates doubt in the hero and the threshold guardian tests the heros readiness and commitments. (Campbell) It is obvious in the looks and body language of Marion that she has come to idolize Shane in a way that is nothing short of love and adoration. She dresses up for the July fourth picnic in her wedding dress, it is her tenth wedding anniversary, yet she ends up dancing with Shane, while her husband looks on. Also, when Shane is going to confront Jack Wilson, Marion asks if he is going to do it for her. He responds that he is going to fight for the entire family, not just Marion, therefore proving that he had overcome her tests of female sexuality. While he may dance and interact with Marion, he is never anything but polite and doesnt encourage a furthering of their relationship beyond friendship. Joey acts as the herald. The herald is the news bringer, and often acts at the beginning of the heros journey, initiating the journey. Joey is the first person to spot Shane and tells his parents about his arrival. He is also there at the fight between Joe, Shane and Rykers men. He informs his father that Shane is in a fight, and Joe comes to step into the fight after hearing the news . Joey is consistently close to Shane, which is not surprising, since he idolizes him. This makes him the perfect person to bring news to the rest of the settlers. The trickster archetype, the one who pokes fun at the hero, is Chris Calloway. Calloway is the man who is in the bar both times that exclaims that Shane is just another Sodbuster, and when Shane is ordering a Soda pop, he is wheedling him into ordering a more manly drink. Calloway is very much a bully, but he is portrayed not as a great villain, but as a drunken, misguided man. The shadow, or the representation of Shanes darkest desires, is Jack Wilson. Wilson is everything that Shane once was, everything that Shane is trying to get away from. Shane knows that he could be feared like Wilson, but has since put this lifestyle behind him. During the last showdown between Shane and Wilson, Shane is fighting a representation of his past self. The whole film is the Heros journey. Shanes journey starts as soon as Joey spots him coming through the Starretts land. He sacrifices his own needs, his desire to become a settler and not be ruled by guns and violence. This makes him reluctant to stand up against Ryker and his men. He also saves Joe Starretts life. At the end of the movie, when Joe is determined to save his land from Ryker and Jack Wilson, Shane fights Joe, his mentor, to save his life. In this way, Shane not only saves Joes life, by not allowing him to fight what should be his fight, he also saves the life of Marion and Joey. Without Joe, Joey and Marion would be left alone in the wilderness with no one to provide for them. Shane takes the challenging route in the end of the movie. He is sacrificing everything for the Starretts. He fights for those who have become important in his life; even though he knows that he will be giving them up after the fight. His interaction with the classic hero archetypes helps him become the hero and while he leaves right after the big fight is over, he is sure to become a myth among the settlers, who will take the story that Joey tells them and make it in to one of legend.

Early government Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In early American government there were two emerging political views that were blatantly obvious in the new states; federalists and anti-federalists. In this paper two main topics of interest for each of the parties will be discussed, the role that government should have according to the differing views and the subject of foreign policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The role of government as a according to the Federalists They support a stronger federal government. They felt that people can't govern themselves and that a nation must have a way to get rid of debts. Federalists also believed that only a strong central government can ensure states participation in general good. Therefore representation is distributed more equally a single executive can govern better than multiple executives. They felt federal government provides common defense, raises revenue in time of war, and deals with other nations more effectively than a confederation. Federalists were respectable and embraced the cultured and propertied groups. They lived in settled areas along the seaboard, not in the raw backcountry. They were in outlook rather closely akin to the conservative Loyalist group of Revolutionary days. But by remaining Loyalists it assisted them in the ratification. Federalists strongly supported the Constitution. Anti-federalists were alarmed by the absence of a bill of rights. Federalists assured them it would be added by amendment. Federalists believed that the three branches of government-legislative, judicial and executive- effectively represent the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anti-federalists, on the other hand, opposed the stronger federal government. The felt states had rights, which the central government threatened to trample. In their eyes the constitution is a tyrannical document without a Bill of Rights. The constitution granted too much power over taxation to the Federal government. The anti-federalists has strong opinions when it came to the branches on the federal government. Congress should not have the power to meddle in the commerce of the states. The federal legislature is designed as an aristocratic institution, determined to steal the political prerogative of the people. The Anti-federalists consisted primarily, though not only, of the states' rights devotees, the back-country dwellers, the one-horse farmers,... ...main backers of the party were wealthy and well-known, and thus would be able to weather conflicts with foreign countries. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Federalist Party position’s impact on nation A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington and Adams were first two Presidents & also Federalists (although Washington to somewhat lesser extent); thus their actions were those of the Federalist Party and also the first major actions of the nation in foreign affairs. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Democratic-Republican position A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wanted to settle with French and British, due to America’s lack of a strong military. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall justification: America wasn’t a world power, and thus it was a poor idea to provoke Britain and France. Also, war would have an extremely negative effect on the farmers and merchants which made up the party. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Democratic-Republican position’s impact on nation Constituencies of party were employed in the tasks of most of the nation (farming, mercantilism, etc.) Thus, the interests of the majority of the citizens seemed to be with the Democratic-Republicans.

Logic and logic gates Essay

1 describe using examples how numeric and alphanumeric data can be coded within a computer system M1 explain using examples how data travels around the processor D1 create complex logic circuits made up of arrays of simple logic circuits P2 describe how analogue data can be converted and stored in computer systems M2 create logic circuits using simple logic gates and provide truth tables and explanation as to their operation D2 compare and contrast two different processors. P3 convert numeric data between different number systems including floating point. M3 create low-level programs which involve decision making and branching P4 carry out manipulation of numeric data held in three different number systems M4 describe the difference between astable and bistable flip-flops. P5 describe the key components of a computer architecture and how they interact P6 describe the features of a processor P7 describe the operation of logic gates using truth tables P8 create, document and test low-level Programs BTEC National Unit 9 Computer Architecture Assignment 2: Computer Components and Features Criterion covered P7, M2, M4, D1. For these tasks you are required to produce a report using drawings or diagrams and appropriate technical language. Make sure you use appropriate headings and subheadings to identify separate tasks and requirements 1) Use logic diagrams, and truth tables and narrative to describe the operation of the following logic gates: [P7] 2) Use simple logic gates (eg AND, OR, NOT) to produce a logic circuit to: a) Show a security circuit which includes input from a movement-sensing PIR (passive infra red sensor) and a light sensor. While there is movement sensed, and it is dark, the security light must be lit. b) Describe the logic circuit for accessing an electrical cabinet. For safety reasons, a high voltage electrical maintenance cabinet can only be accessed if the power is off, a special key is inserted, and the high tension line is earthed. c) Describe the logic circuit for a Half-Adder. Be sure to include the logic diagram, Boolean algebra statement and truth table for each and a description of how each works. You will also need to provide keys to any letters used to represent inputs and outputs. [M2] 3) Describe the difference between astable and bistable flip-flops using appropriate diagrams. [M4] 4) Build complex logic circuits from arrays of simple logic circuits to: a) Use Half-Adders and further logic gates to build a Full Adder b)build a logic circuit including Full Adders to add together the contents of two eight-bit registers. The formula for working out the number of possible outputs is 2n. N is the number of inputs. E. g.if there are 2 inputs than the formula would be 22. The answer is 4. This means that there are 4 possible outputs. Truth Table Input Output A. AND GATE In AND gates the output can only be 1 if all the inputs are all 1 and if either of the output are 0 and the other input is 1 than output will always be 0. The two inputs AB and output Q represent the expression which in effect is right because the stands for AND. Truth Table Input Output ABC Z 0gate can have more than 2 inputs. The above NAND gate has 3 inputs. Therefore the formula to work out the number of output is 23 = 8. The truth table is on the side. Even though the formula to work out the number of outputs for the truth table is the same, the actual gate is completely opposite because if the can only be 0 if all inputs are 1. The output will always be 1 if the inputs are mix of 0 and 1. The input expression for this gate is . The line above stands for NOT. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble and is generally used to indicate the inverted (active-low) input or output. The output can only be 1 is all the two inputs are 0 and if the output is 0 that means that the two inputs are 1 and 0 or 0 and 1. The expression for this gate is . This means that Q Gate also know as an â€Å"Inverter†, there is always 1 input. If the input is 1 than output is 0 and if the output is 1 than output has to be 0. The logical expression is which means This type of gate is implemented in computers for binary addition. If both the inputs are 0 than the output will also be 0 and if both the inputs are 1 than the output will also be 0. XOR is actually short for exclusive OR. The logical expression for the XOR gate is which means that   This type of gate is simply the inverse of XOR (exclusive OR). You can only get a result of 1 is both the inputs are same either 00 or 11. If the inputs are different e. g. 0 and 1 or 1 and 0 than the output will be 0. The expression for this type of gate is. North Warwickshire & Hinckley College.

Animal Research Essays - Animal Welfare, Bioethics, Animal Testing

Animal Research Essays - Animal Welfare, Bioethics, Animal Testing Animal Research Experimenting with animals in the scientific field is causing a problem throughout America. Many Americans do not approve of the abuse and torture of the animals by scientists and other organizations. People do not want the victims of torture (animals) to suffer the side effects of medical testing or die. Things such as visual problems, abnormal sexual behaviors, hearing loses, or and deformities, are viewed as irreplaceable. Testing should be allowed to be done on a small percentage of animals and the human being tat want to take their places. True enough there has been over 10 million dogs a year destroyed by different groups, such as public pounds, animal shelters, and humane societies. But if animal testing is done within particular guidelines, Americas population will not decrease. Testing on a small percentage of animals would allow necessary testing to be done and will prevent the destroying of too many animals. Animals do have rights as being a living creature. That is why there are laws that protect them. The Federal Animal Welfare Act of 1966 ensures that research done on animals respects their well-being (King 696). This act was amended in 1970, 1976, and 1979 by the United States Congress. The United States Department of Agriculture has ordered periodic inspections of all all animal-research facilities (King 696). But they did void out research on animals completely. People that do not agree with animal testing should volunteer themselves for testing. How is civilization supposed to find cures for diseases, create better medicines, or develop in alternatives to physical abnormalities. Some people suggest testing on computers or modern technology. They are human-like as far as internally, if they do not like the use of animals they would have to use humans for testing. Would the disagreeing people like to volunteer to be subjects for testing. If one of the Animal Rights advocates were to become diagnosed with an incurable disease, they would want research done to help find a cure for the disease. Using animal testing could be beneficial to finding a cure for that person. Would he then approve the cause.

Genetic Engineering Essays

Genetic Engineering Essays Genetic Engineering Essay Genetic Engineering Essay You see many things in science fiction books or movies that show mankind manipulating all sorts of things to make unholy or unnatural beings by tampering with God’s â€Å"design. † What if His design for the world was for humanity to, one day, permanently improve upon what He provided the foundation for? Genetic Engineering is what I’m referring to and it is an inspiring new way of curing many of the world’s worst ailments, abolishing world hunger, and improving the overall condition of humanity as a whole. Genetic Engineering has the capability to cure many of humanity’s defects, disorders, illnesses, and it can even cure cancer. According to an article in the NY Times, Patients with Alzheimer’s disease who have genetically modified tissue have shown† a reduction in the rate of cognitive decline and increased metabolic activity in their brain. † Having loved ones live with Alzheimer’s disease can be hell on earth for them. Imagine not remembering who your children are, or that you even have children. Genetic therapy uses genetic engineering to cure these things and greatly improve the life that those afflicted with Alzheimer’s can have. And for those with Cystic Fibrosis, an inherited disease that affects the lungs and digestive system, genetic therapy â€Å"offers the best hope for a life-saving treatment by tackling the root cause of CF, rather than only treating the symptoms. † Simply tackling the symptoms of CF is like coming across the Black Knight, from Monty Python’s Quest for the Holy Grail, and placing a Band-Aid on his â€Å"flesh wound,† meaning, it’s not very effective at all. : GE makes it possible to break through the breed barrier and mix information between totally different breeds. To avoid testing and adjustment In plants, GE Is done with viruses. Viruses as most people know, are very active. Almost nothing can stop them when they have attacked a new victim. Often, for no reason at all when a new gene is inserted into its new host It will only work for a short amount of time then close up. Unfortunately there Is no way to know in advance if this will occur. There are many things wrong with GE. While the issue of the morality of crossing species boundaries reflects differing world views and may be conceptually unclear, there are known risks associated with sensationalistic of transgenic cells or organs from animals to humans. (Concessionaire. Com) Studying genes in a test tube can only tell what the gene does and behaves in that test tube alone. It cannot tell us the reaction It will have when placed into a different breed. There are unpredictable side effects that will always come with GE. Ethics is following accepted rules of behavior: morally one believes are right or wrong, because everyone may have different views on ethics. Are not five sparrows sold for two pennies? And not one of them is forgotten before God. (Luke 12:6) Many animals and even fish have already been genetically edified to try and increase their production of milk and meat further than their bodies can handle without damaging them. Some animals have died in experiments while others are born deformed. GE is animal abuse. Sometimes the claim is made that GE experiments on animals and mice are needed to cure cancer and other disease. The experiment may work on animals and mice, but they may have a totally different reaction to human bodies. Muff cannot mimic an entire human psyche in a mouse or a rat, says Jacqueline Crawler (Of Mice and Men) If scientist make one title mistake during GE of any animal it could possibly create pathogens, and could destroy the food chain. After GE experiments the animals are not completely organic anymore. In GE foods dangerous virus genes can be inserted into your own genes. Originally Genetically modified (MM) corn was meant only for pig feed, not for human consumption. GE soy can possibly cause long term allergy problems. In Genetically modified organisms (GUM) crop fields, pollen pollination and pollination by insects create problems for nearby non-GM or organic farmers crops. There is also a chance hat the insects could become resistance to the pesticides inserted into the crops. DNA does not always completely break down during digestion, so this means the bacteria in the GE foods could get into our intestines. Very little testing has been done to GM foods, and long term effects are unsure. Scientist did all these experiments so animals could eat less, grow faster, leave behind less damaging waste, and to be engineered so their organs could be transported into humans. GE offers the possibility to cure diseases and countless theories to improve daily life. Organic farming could feed the world. There is no need to waste millions of dollars on GE technology and industrial gag. Sooner or later GE is going to cause overpopulation, because people are getting new organs and new medicine to help them get better. Everything needs to die, but in a natural way. Consider what God has done: Who can straighten what he has made crooked? (Ecclesiastic 7:13) GE has advanced extremely in the past decade and soon scientist will be able to make a designer baby. This gives the parents to chance to choose the gender of the baby, eye color, hair color, height, and make their bodies immune o diseases. Christian views may differ from others views on GE. In Christians eyes modifying life can be seen as playing God , because God created life and people in his own image of how he thought they needed to be. To modify what God has created would be like saying God made a mistake. Some Christians believe that scientist that are trying to change and improve life are attempting to replace God. Only God has the full right to mess with our genes. Muff shall keep My statutes. You shall not crossbreed two sorts of animals. You shall not sow your field with two sorts of seed. Nor shall a garment made of two sorts of mixed material come upon you. (Leviticus 19:19) Some things are so different genetically that it is unlikely for them to interbreed. For example fish and cats can not interbreed. Crossbreeding is forbidden in the bible, but if they are very close related like zebras and horses are able to yield of the seed which you have sown and the fruit of your vineyard will be unholy. (Deuteron 22:9) GE is not benefiting anyone, even the farmers rarely benefit. Most American farmers who have turned to genetically engineered crops me to be getting yields no better than farmers who grow traditional varieties. They also appear to be using similar quantities of pesticides. (Kurt Klein, Field of dreams, New Scientist) We all must wake up and understand what is really going on around us. Scientist are not Just GE animals and plants, but also humans: designer baby. Doing further research on the highly debat ed subject is genetic engineering ethical or not is extremely important when making a claim. What genetic engineering really is and ethics, the risks and disadvantages of GE, and the biblical attendant on GE all need to be taken into consideration. Understanding what GE really is and how it works, and Ethics is following accepted rules of behavior : morally right and good. (Merriam Webster) There are always risks and disadvantages involved in everything you do, but does the risks and disadvantages outweigh the advantages involved in GE? Christians views are very different from non-Christians, because God created life and people in his own image of how he thought they needed to be. Scientist starting using GE in the hopes of improving everyday life, making animals more useful, helping crops last longer, better nutrition for humans, and drug and organ production. Scientists do not know what might trigger a gene, how it will react, or the long term effects. More testing and further research needs to be done on GE, or soon no animals will be organic, could possibly change natural genetic traits for offspring, kill innocent animals, disturb natural ecosystem, and cause long term health problems for anything consuming GM foods.

Great Power Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century Essay

Great Power Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Globalization in the twentieth century fueled the development of favorable environmental conditions which inevitably led to the expansion of international trade of goods and manpower services. On the other hand, the geopolitical polices of the twentieth century allowed the establishment of national and imperial control over the process of globalization. Therefore, globalization coupled with effective geopolitical policies shaped the great power diplomacy of the twentieth century. The development of great power diplomacy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was limited to European countries. The reason for this limitation was due to the centralization of power in Europe. The European countries were and still are in many ways the great powers of the world which promoted the permeation of diplomacy throughout the world. The Second half of the century that followed the Second World War can be legitimately regarded as the great era of balance of power diplomacy in the twentieth century. The balance of diplomacy was essential in order to reduce the increasingly apocalyptic implications another war could have on the stability of the world. Great Britain wanted to take advantage of this time and play an instrumental role in brokering the exact location where the balance of power would lay. However, British dream was threatened from the very beginning due to the rise of two super powers i.e. The United States of America and The Soviet Union. Moreover, Britain did not posses the natural affinity with growing economy and the need for political closeness between previous enemies, which was simply essential for the development of balance of power. 3 I felt the need to briefly discuss the balance of power because it is critically related to diplomacy and it can be safely stated that the mothers of Great Power Diplomacy of the twentieth century were the need for globalization, geopolitical policies, and balance of power. I would now throw light over the real meaning of the word diplomacy. Diplomacy can have different meanings in different countries around the world because the dimensions of the word are determined and influenced by political policies of a country. In general, the meaning of diplomacy is a tool for the promotion and implementation of foreign policies of a country. The most important institute in modern society is, indeed, diplomacy. The process of Diplomacy comprises numerous underlying steps including gathering information, clarifying intentions, and engendering good will. All such processes require stability and peace within a nation. The essence of diplomacy is peace and stability within a society. Therefore, one of the numerous obstacles faced by the great power diplomacy in the nineteenth century had been the political and economical instability of the world. Thus, i n the twentieth century, it became necessary for the great powers to establish peace in order to diffuse the growing tension within the European countries. The diffusion of anger and tension was necessary to eliminate the prospect of another war. I believe that the single most important event which significantly changed the Great Power Diplomacy in the twentieth century were the Locarno Treaties of 1925. The treaties promoted the development of

TheLesson EugeneIonesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TheLesson EugeneIonesco - Essay Example From the play, it is evident that the professor is also a domineering and violent person. He uses language to attack the student. HE shows his power and control in a very cruel manner (Ionesco 69). Later on in the lesson, he is also depicted as someone who easily loses his patience. It leads him into homicidal acts. The other character in the play is the pupil. The pupil is an 18 year old lady who wears a student smock with a white collar. During his first times in the class with the professor, she comes out as a very enthusiastic and hopeful person. She believes that the professor will help her pass the total â€Å"doctorate† exams. As the play progresses the pupil shows very absurd lack of common elementary knowledge (Ionesco 50). She does not know the capital city of France let alone the seasons of the year. As the lesson progresses, she surprisingly gets enough courage and equanimity to defy the professor. She does so with minimal success. The final character is the maid. She is a friendly and a loyal servant. She also comes out as considerate and caring person when she warns and advices the professor about his actions. The maid is submissive and this makes him accompany the professor even when he was going to engage in unacceptable acts. The power struggle in the Lesson by Eugene Ionesco comes out in the form of a satirized to â€Å"totalitarianism† in politics, education and language. The author sets it is a way that the professor only has one student at a time. This is itself is a demonstration of the control that the tutor was seeking over his student. He is teaching his student in a manner which is not only stifling but also very controlling. The professor talks nonsense and at the same time expects the student to be able to verbalize what he wants her to say. This theme in the play is meant to show how such practices have detrimental impact in the education settings.

Hersey blanchard situational leadership Final paper Research

Hersey blanchard situational leadership Final - Research Paper Example Moreover, effective leadership style based on the nature of a particular situation can help an organization to provide effective solutions to the developed issues and challenges. This research paper will evaluate the value of Hersey-Blanchard’s situational leadership theory or model or theory in order to improve the performance of healthcare organizations. Healthcare industry can be considered as one of the sensitive industries in this global market place. It is important for the organizations in this particular industry to ensure the implementation of effective leadership style in order to maintain effective workplace environment. The Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory can be considered as important theory for the healthcare organizations. This particular theory was introduced and presented by Dr. Paul Hersey (Blanchard, 1983). It is highly important for the healthcare organizations to be prepared for different types of situations. On the other hand, it is important for the management of these healthcare organizations to develop and implement different types of situational leadership styles based on the demand of the situation (Graeff, 1983). According to this leadership theory, an effective leader should have the flexibility to change his or her leadership style and implement change management process in the organization by adopting different types of leadership styles based on the demand and nature of the situation. However, the leadership theory of hersey and Blanchard can be divided into four different styles, such as telling, selling, participating and delegating. Telling can be considered as one of the important situational leadership styles. In this leadership style the leaders used to tell the followers and sub-ordinates what exactly to do and what is the process or procedure to complete the task (Vecchio, 1987). The managers in the healthcare organization can adopt and implement

Swot Analysis for Keystone Bank Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis for Keystone Bank Essay Keystone has a few strengths looking at its present financial condition financial statements. However, the bank is willing and able to pay higher competitive rates compared to other banks in the area. This is likely to send a strong signal to potential customers who may wish to take advantage of the rates by increasing their core deposits at Keystone Bank. Also, increasing local economic activities can also be viewed as strength to keystone. This is because if the local people are making more money than they need, they will be willing to save some especially at high rates of return which would benefit them and Keystone at the same time. It will increase their core deposits and decrease their dependence on other sources for loanable funds. Commercial and consumer loans are also strength of keystone looking at the two year period compared to their peers. They need to capitalize on that and see if they offer some commercial loans to the new company’s coming into town at competitive rates. Weakness: Keystone Bank has a wide range of weaknesses compared to its peers. Some of their weaknesses are a result of their high exposure to credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Credit risk can be defines as the risk of a corporation not being able to pay its debt as they become due. Keystone has a lot of CD’s on its books and need to pay the holders of the CD as they become due. This is going to put a lot of financial stress on the bank considering the fact that interest rates are low and the national economy is slowing down. Liquidity risk can be defined as a company’s ability to convert its assets into cash at fair market value. Keystone Bank’s liquidity measures are below the average of its peers. If you consider its temporary investments to assets for 1990 and 1989, they were 10. 64% and 11. 02% compared to 15. 07% and 16. 15% of its peers. This means that Keystone Bank is investing in products that cannot be quickly converted into cash at fair market price. They are also offering CD’s at a high rate compared to its peers. Other liquidity measures such as volatile liability to assets, is more than 11 % above the average of its peers. This means that Keystone has huge liabilities on its balance sheet which can easily be defaulted on. Net loans leases to core deposits also show an even high trend. There is over 25% difference between Keystone Bank and its peers. In the last two years Keystone’s funds for lending to its customers have mainly come from borrowed money instead of core deposits. This means that the bank make interest payment on the money it lends to its customers which has put it at a disadvantages in terms of offering competitive rates to its customers. It also indicates that in the case of any liquidity crises Keystone bank will not be able to convert its investments into cash at fair market value as quickly as it may want. A banks largest asset is its loans or loanable funds which is not the case for Keystone bank. Lack of clear written policies regarding liquidity and interest rate management by the bank has made it difficult for managers to make good asset and liability decisions. This could be part of the reason why instead of loaning funds to customers, the bank is selling CD’s and increasing their liabilities. Opportunities: Design of the new information system of financial reports will help management make informed decisions on how best to use the banks resources and also meet the examiners criticisms. An increase in the population in the area provides a great opportunity for the bank. The bank can capitalize on this and help it propel into the future. The establishment of new facilities by three national firms in the area – an electronics company, automotive parts and accessories manufacturer and the building materials supplier – is expected to flood the local economy with about 2700 jobs. This is great news for Keystone since it can use incentives such as free checking accounts to bring in new customers and increase its deposits. It can also find new and qualified customers who might be interested in real estate, consumer and other types of loans. The establishment of the new interest rate sensitivity and liquidity reports will help management monitor and understand changes in interest rates and liquidity and how they affect the bank. Keystone can take advantage of the current low interest rates and borrow money from the Federal Reserve Bank. With interest rates expected to rise in the near future, Keystone can increase its adjusted rate mortgages to customers instead of fixed rate mortgages in hopes to increasing their returns when interest rates rises. Threats: There are numerous threats that Keystone faces as a bank. First there is the threat of other banks and thrifts in the area who will also take advantage of the expected increase in the local economy. Most of the banks in the area may be able to offer relatively high interest rates to lure in new customers. If these banks are in a better financial position compared to Keystone that will put them at an advantage over Keystone. Also, the thrifts will also compete for the same 2700 people who will be acquiring the new jobs moving into the area. The bank need to work hard to decrease it CD’s and increase its loans if it wants to survive in the long run. Lastly, even though the local economy might be booming the thought of an economic slowdown in other parts of the country may have a negative impact on the spending practices of the locals. This may result in people saving all their monies instead of spending or avoiding loans all together.